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Inside front cover

(2)
Journal
Spencer Gillen
Expedition
to
Central Australia
Adelaide. March 15. 1901
Borroloola. November 2. 1901
Melbourne - March 17. 1902

Also some notes on Urabunna Old Peak Station
Aug 1903. (pp.114. 124)

557851.jpg

Page 2

Oct. 3. Camp 51. Ferguson Springs

Ten m 60.5
an 725 9 pm 800
bar
alt 74 - 69

Morning final packing up writing letters etc. Left station 2.15 pm Water hole on Ferguson at base of low range of hills. Camp 5.45. Native name of springs Kurain. Spring made by diver –
[margin note] Pelican and ducks
Tchurla. Pelican sat down close by & was laughed at by ducks (see before) ‘goanna’ also close by.

Oct 4 Camp 52 Pole Camp

Temn 55.5
sunrise
an 9 am 760 9 pm 780
bar --- - ---
alt --- 63.5 --- 63.5

Left camp 6.45. S. newcastle water for lunch. Pole Camp 5.15. Chance there.

Oct 5. Camp 53. Newcastle Sr.

Ten m 51.5
sunrise
an 9 am 755 730
bar ---
alt --- 52.5 67

Left camp 7.45. Station noon. Spent aft. there

Oct 6. Camp 54. N. Newcastle waters

Tenn 66.5
an 750 815
bar
alt 78 (in ....) 85

Left station 8 am reached camp 10.15. Very warm aft. Mr Cole from line party came in.

Oct 7. Camp 55. Wallamunthu W.H. near Betaloo

Ten m 70.5
an 770 805
bar
alt 76.5 82

Left camp 7 Gillen & self walked on to line. Spoke to

Page 4

[margin note] Umbaia
P.D. & W.K. Left camp (line) 9. Camped at 4.45

Oct 8. Camp 56. ‘Betaloo Downs’

Tenm 68.5
sunrise
an 9 am 780 750
bar
alt 67 83

Left camp at 8. 1¼ mile on to Betaloo. Mr Bostock at camp. aft with natives
[margin note] Umbaia organisation
Umbaia Illitchi Liaritchi
Tjinum (Ninum) Tjurulum (Nurulum)
Tjulam (Nulam) Thungalum (Nungallum.
Palyarinja (Paliarina) Tjainerum (Niarmargun)
Pungaringa (Pungarinia) Yakomari (Yakomarin)
Tjinum m Tjurulum children are Pungarinja.
Tjainerum man snake. f & gf same. 2 children snake. Marngi as in Chingilli. children follow class according to parent who ought to have married woman.
Thama = thaminbi
Poaradgu = alcheringa
[margin note] Three water holes at “Bates Lagoon”
[margin note] Marriage restrictions
Three water holes made by (1) Kutnakitchi – water snake (2) Goalitha green snake (3) mussel Kutathalika
Cannot marry woman of same totem.
[margin note] Relationship Terms Umbaia
Father – ita wife karinnia
Elder brother – pappa husband. kari
Younger brother – kakula wifes brother kari
Fathers elder b. ita pappa “ father kullina
“ younger “ ita kakula “ mother mimaíinna
“ sister itinnia “ fathers father kamburra
“ mothers brother mimai (inna)
“ mother nai itjinna “ “ father koko
“ father kanka children tjatjilla (man speaking)
mother kutjina “ koalinna (woman speaking)
“ sister “ grandchildren (son) kanku
mothers brother tjoko daughters children Thaminjillinna
“ mother kurkunia sons grandchildren tjatjilla
sisters husband kari
“ father tjamintjilla “ children kūlū

Page 6

[margin note] Umbaia
sisters husbands father mimaiinna woman speaking
“ “ mother kambuna husbands father ita
mothers brothers sons puruka “ mother koachina
“ “ daughter purukunna daught. husband kaminjirilla
daughters husband tjoko “ children “ “
“ “ mother kurkuria sons “ “ “
“ “ father tjaminjilla “ wife mininia
sons wife karnia
sons wifes mother kurkuna
“ “ father kamburra
[margin note] Snake Churinga Umbaia
Snake churinga belonging to water hole at Betaloo. name of stick = Purtuli. (Chingilli & Umlia name)
[sketch of churinga]

Oct 9. Camp 56. Betaloo Downs (Briggs Lagoon)

Tenm 66.2
sunrise
an 9 am 765 780
bar
alt 64 83

[margin note] notebook 3
Chance came in 9 am
Umlia ceremony Arrambatcha = Thuthu (in Chingilli = Turtu)
(1) Chilkupati (goanna)
(2) Ungunji (fly)
(3) kalammi (wallaby)

[annotated sketch of man’s head] fly men
[annotated sketch of six men kneeling] wallaby goanna fly
stone = anjulukuli
Cleared space 20 ft long 13 broad Audience in line on each side beating time with boomerangs Front man carried stones. Got up ran along line to end pushing out stone in various directions. ran back squatted down in front of next man & put stone under his arm & then retired to side. This done by each man in turn

Page 8

[margin note] Umbaia
Umlia colour terms Umbaia
1. Ubu milla boy before cut allatch
2. ulu milla big boy before cut (wnitja)
3. Tjaranqmilla boy circumcised thalarturitch
4. Ubu milla “ subincised { purlingi
5. Tan gan gurura /mununguwitch {
6. kai ia kai ia
7. kai ia kai ia old man purngmaitcha
8. Tan gan gurura
9. { kai ia kai ia
{ un marra young girl allunga
10. Banbun milla operated on pullunguna
11. Wummera
12. kai ia kai ia
13. Banbun milla enough = alim
14. Gun murra be quick – katcha katchera
15. Banbun milla
9 a. Banbun milla
[margin note] Chingilli
Chingilli
Boy before cut anna
big boy before cut tjilkawarri (wurtja)
circumcised boy – tjukurra
subincised – thadpulla or ungmurnangwitcha
old man – māluka
young girl - i wini
operated on lipkutchi

[sketch of scared shoulder] characteristic cicatrices of Umbaia & chingilli
[margin note] Class organisation
Chingilli
Thaminginji (Naminginji) Tjurlinginja (Narlinginja)
Chiminginji (Imminginji) Thungallinginja (Narlanginginja)
Thalaringinji (Nalaringinji) Thamaranginja (Namaranginja)
Thungarininta (Nanaringinta) Chapatchinginja (Nambatchinginja)
Illitchi Liaritchi

Page 10

[margin note] Bingongina class organisation
Bingongina
Thama (Nana) Tchurla (Nala)
Chirnita (Namita) Thungalla (Nungalli)
Thalirri (Nalirri) Chimara (Nimala)
Thungari (Nungari) Chamlitchina (Namlitchina)
}Wiliuku }Liaraku

[margin note] Chingilli colour terms
Chingilli colour terms
1 Billing biago
2 Kambuk biago
3 Purpurku
4 Illinkbiago
5 Tangurtangura
6 Kurdaitchiago
7 Kurdaitchiago
8 Kurdaitchiago
9 Kabur-kabura
10 Lagallu
11 Kabur kabura
12 Larakalu
13 Kambuk kambako
14 Kabur kabura
15 Chungunako
9 a Chungunako

Oct 10 Camp 56. Briggs Lagoon

[margin note] Umbaia ceremony

Tenm 56.5
an 9 am 745 875
bar
alt 61 85

[margin note] Snake stick broken at end of performance
Ceremony in aft. 2. Tjitjikarra (little goanna)
2. big goanna
Snake stick broken across back of 2 men after performance.
[annotated sketch of decorated stick] –snake –little bird
men crying during performance
1. snake
1. little bird (Thinmi)
1. goanna
Ceremony as on 9th

Page 12

[margin note] releasing men from ban of silence
After cutting 2 nanji men who had been present and under ban of silence were released by umbaia men holding up fingers for them to bite.
Chingilli terms of relationship
Father kita sons grandchildren pappā
“ elder brother kita panerla (or pappa) daughter “ winarini
“ younger “ “ puttata sisters husband nambia
“ sisters linerni “ children kulla
“ mother napitchuni “ husbands mother tha inni
“ father kankwia “ “ father winarra
mother thinkartini mothers brothers sons wankilli
“ sisters “ “ “ “ daughter wankillini
“ brothers karna daughters husband karna
“ mother kukunai “ “ mother kukuni
“ father thamintha “ “ father thamintha
wife - kalini sons wife winiarini
“ sister “ “ “ mother kukurni
husband - nambia “ “ father thaminja
wifes brother - nambia female speaking
“ father - kulla husbands father kana
“ mother - thani “ mother thainni
Elder brother - pappă daughters husband thai ula
younger “ puttata “ children kaminthera
wifes frat grandfather winarra sons “ aputka
“ mothers brother kanungura “ wife thianlini
“ mat g.f. koka husbands sisters nambi-ini
children pappă
sons children kankura
daughter thaminji

Page 14

October 11 Camp 57. Kondularra

Tenm 62.5
an 920 850
bar
alt 70.5 76

[margin note] Kundalrra wh. made big sugar bag tree
Left camp 7.5. Indiarubba hedgewood & lance wood scrub. Area flat burnt to W.H. 10.45. Two Nanji went with us. One with very frizzled hair due to custom of plaiting
Gnanji count up to 3
[margin note] Gnanji class organisation
Gnanji
Illitchi Liaritchi
Urraku (Nuanakurna) Nuralaku (Nuralakurna)
Tjulantjuku (Nurlanjukurna) Thungalaku (Nungallakurna)
Paliarinji (Paliarnia) Chamiraku (Niamiraku)
Pungarinji (Pungarinia) Yakomari (Yakomarina)

[margin note] totems
Gnanji Paliarinji snake (urani ) f & gf sister same
children same
Chameraku wallaby (koalamni) ditto
Chameraku kangaroo ditto (2 examples)
Paliarinji snake (ulangi) ditto
[margin note] Tree burial in Gnanji
Gnanji tree burial if young: old men & women not put in tree because dont like sun to get at them too hot for their bones
[margin note] Umbaia not burry in trees
Umbaia do not bury in trees.

Oct 12. Camp 58. Munda

Tenm 58
an 875 820
bar
alt 68 73
W.H. made by Native companion – yalkunguli

Oct 13 Camp 58 Munda

Tenm 623
an 910 820
bar
alt 68 73

Day spelling in camp. (for notes see later)

Page 16

Oct 14. Camp 59 Huddleston Lagoon
(Arrungwinmi)
Tenm 58.5
an 860 800
bar
alt 62 76

[margin note] Wh. made big hailstone [?]

Left camp 6.50. reached H.L. 10.15.
Great number of birds. Skinning all aft.

Oct 15 Camp 60. Karrabobba

Tenm 52
an 845 900
bar
alt 60 78

Left camp 6.45 Camped by side of W.H. 3 Nanji came up & told us better W.H. ¼ mile further so went on. Camp 12.15

Oct 16. Camp 61 Karrabobba

Tenm 52.5
an 820 890
bar
alt 68 78

Enngdura (maquainemi?) in WH
Morning with natives
[margin note] Totems in Gnanji
Man’s children as general rule same totem as himself. Snake man’s lubra for ex. cannot get pic. at bee or goshawk mungai (those of W.H. at Karrabobba). If snake man’s lubra got pic while there he would know that it was one of his own totem which had followed him up from his own country. Very rarely a child might be born of another totem from its father but then it would be a totem belonging to his moiety of tribe.
[margin note] Ceremony in Gnanji
Quab. Putchatta of Liaratchi
[sketch of decorated upper body]
4 men decorated with round patches of red ochre edged with white. Each carried chintilly & marched up &

Page 18

[margin note] Gnanji ceremony
down cleared space. At far end of this behind ant hill was decorated man who afterwards came out & danced in space (similar to Umbaia) Stopped by man striking a long wand on ground. 1st 4 men suddenly kneeling down: then went amongst audience & watched snake man.
[margin note] Gnanji tooth knocking out
Gnanji amara = tooth knocking out. This done at rain time. Teeth knocked out by Yaminjilla (mother’s father). Yaminjilla keeps tooth. Supposed to stop rain. Teeth brought back to man’s mother. Mother gives him red ochre. Teeth are then planted alongside water & lilies are supposed to jump up. Lilly = takuguma. Eat root, stalk & seeds. Women teeth knocked out by yaminjilla or ukna (mother’s brother). Tooth taken to mother & buried as in case of man’s.
[sketch of net] Hand fishing net = mullūtū.
[margin note] Teeth
Hole where tooth knocked out = kunji
Rain = wo īna water = wori cloud = woīra black cloud = kunumburra
[margin note] Fish came out at 1st hole (Karabobba) went on to 2nd hole quabd. there. white fish hawk came out at hole close by. Goshawk came out at Kapalama
Two water holes at Karrabobba made fish Kancharri (fish) & white goshawk (kalumbinia)
In Alcheringa goshawk was lubra of fish

Oct 17 Camp 61 Uhanaluru

sunrise Tenm 53.5
an 900 950
bar
alt 58 74

Left camp 6.40 reached Uhanalura 11. Mr Battern came in 1.30. Plenty of Lillies on water hole. Mob of Gnanji men came in. Camped other side creek.
[margin note] Gnanji burial
Gnanji burial The body is first put on a platform then when body decomposed place it in kuliman and put it for a time in another tree. Then when bones are white take the clavicles & radius & burry the others

Page 20

[margin note Gnanji]
in bank by the side of a w.h. The sons of dead man carrying the bones go out in to bring other groups of natives. A great ceremony is held and then the natives go out in search of the man who killed deceased.
Pallapallamma = platform on wh. body first placed.
Lauritmitpi = earth grave.
[margin note] pointing bones etc
Moidna = spirit of dead & living man
Use fibula as pointing bone = pirrithi
[margin note] women no moidna
The moidna of a dead man walks about & is later on reincarnated. The women have no moidna & are not reincarnated.
Kurti = dead man
[margin note] Cutting hair from dead man
When a man dies the son cuts off hair & when the next rain falls make hair string out of it. Then he shows the string to the mother of the dead man who presents him with food. On the death of a man his mother sears her head with fire stick. The wifes are under ban of silence.
[margin note] dispersal of widows
After burial (final) of the bones the lubras are taken by either younger or elder brothers.
[margin note] food giving
Food is given by a man to his father & mother mothers brother, fathers brother & own brothers & lubras father
The Nanji can eat food killed by f. in law
[margin note] Women betrothed by mother’s brothers
Women disposed off by mothers brothers. Betrothal by presentation of whiskers as in Warramunga & Chingilli. Tarna = Yamanguma (Guangi)
[margin note] Mania
Marnigiltha = mania Sneak up at night time with mania in paper bark (put-thara) Make a little fire & burn this bark after putting mania in the man. bark is burnt while man asleep : if burn quickly man will die ditto.
[margin note] Whanaluru made by emu
Use hooks for fishing made out of clavicles of goanna
Whanaluru made by emu – kalungunthana eggs represented by stones & emu by great log. Two snakes were travelling along – snakes Walunquatarra

Page 22

[margin note] Gnanji
they sat down on W. side of W.H. and two trees mark the spot. Snake eggs represented by stones.
[margin note] Gnanji
The Gnanji totem as general rule follow father in exceptional cases may not be the same but then are always of totem of right side of tribe.
[margin note] totems follow father
[sketch] Laruwa
[margin note] message stick
[margin note] Message stick Tharunka

Oct 18. Camp 61. Whanaluru

Tenm 63
an 900 950
bar
alt 68 85

Day in camp. Got few things from Gnanji – 2 Trumpets etc.
[margin note] Gnanji
[margin note] moidna
Spirit of dead man moidna undergoes reincarnation when the rains have washed bones & awakened the spirit.
[margin note] reincarnation
[margin note] marriage restriction
May not marry same as totem
Tabu = yanathia
[margin note] names
Each man & woman has two names given by father. The second is that of frat. grandfather. blood or tribal & is given when puberty attained. Woman takes 2nd name from frat or mat. grandmother.
[margin note] marriage into two classes
Men may marry into 2 classes (as Warr & Ching.)
[margin note] status totems
Uncut boy alatchi
uncircumcised purlingi
subincised narranuritchi
Chingilli Gnanji Umbia all transincise
young girl matchina
“ woman (before op) alatna
after op mala malappa
[margin note] restrictions of food during pregnancy
Operation performed by kuka – mat. grandfather. After recovery from wound general intercourse. When wife enceinte husband may not

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eat snake iguana, wallaby, kangaroo, emu, cockatoo, porcupine, crocodile and either of the two turtles kotomatarnia or lamarangudna
[margin note] Gnanji tooth knocking out
Knocking out of teeth = amarra. Operation performed by mothers father – jamingilla who keeps it & carries it about for some time finally returns them to mother who gives him red ochre etc. Carries them about for some time & then burries them in bank of W.H. They give rise to lillies – takakuma
[margin note] Gnanji disposal of bones of dead man
Man = gnarinja woman = kamalina
Bones wrapped in paper bark & allowed to remain on platform sometime longer. Then when dry enough to be readily separated skeleton taken to pieces & put in kuliman & in tree until turn white. Clavicles & radius not buried fibula used for pointing. Father sends collar & arm bones out with message to other groups who bring in various articles Ceremony held father takes bones & burries them with others.
Widow given away by mothers brother.
[margin note] Warramunga
[margin note] marriage rite
When a woman is about to be handed to a man she is brought in by her elder sisters. There brothers the actual husband in the middle lie down on ground : girl is placed across then by elder sister who when she seizes girls says “come along you & me walk along corrobboree. She is placed on top of actual husband & an old man who is wankilli (unkulla) operates with stone knife. while girl is held by her actual sisters. All of the men & women in camp attend except the mūra attend. After operation she is decorated with string on head & arms & has necklets etc. which later on she gives to her father & mother. The husband at once takes her to his own camp but does not have connection. In the morning & perhaps for two or three mornings afterwards he takes her into the bush : rubs

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red ochre all over her body. She collects food & takes it to here mother and elder sisters. who then tie on the apron (matchularri) For 2 nights she is lent to nukulla iprumra arrunga unana alkuri & achirri. after that she is the property of the new husband.
[margin note] rain making
Chingilli Rain making Secure a fat perameles (kulari) Careful not to hurt it. Keep it alive in pitchi covered with paperbark. Carry it about singing over it until if becomes thin & weak. Then let it go & rain comes. This is only done by Liaritchi half.
[margin note] rain making
Gnanji rain making procure crystals 4 called bioka from a N.E. tribe pulverize them and throw the powder out in all directions. requesting rain to come & bring with it the fish
[margin note] drink
Gnanji Make a drink called Chingi by steeping flowers of Bauhenia in water
[margin note] Gnanji class organisation
Gnanji table
Uanaku (Nuanarkurna) Uralaku (Nuralarkurna)
Tjulantjuka (Nurlanjukurna) Thungalaku (Nunqalakurna)
Palyarinji (Paliarina) Tjamuraku (Niamaku)
Pungarinji (Pungarinia) Yakumari (Yakumarina)
Illitji Liaritji
Gnanji both men & women plait hair
[margin note] teeth knocking out in Chingilli
Chingilli teeth Knock out during heavy rain Throw them into water. believe this will drive rain & clouds away. done when they have had enough rain.

Oct 19. Camp 62. Kalia

Tenm 68
an 950 855
bar
alt 62 86.5

Left camp 6.55 on for 1h 30 in to top of water shed Slight decent to October Crk. Camp 12 noon.

Page 27

Gnanji
father itipati
mother kutjinia
elder brother papaii
younger brother kakulu
elder sister papana
younger “ kakallina
fathers sister itina
mothers brother ukna
fathers father kanku
“ mother nappatjina
mothers father yaminjilla
“ mother kukunia
children yatjilla
son’s children kanku
daughters “ yaminjilla
daughters husband kulna
son’s wife kutjinia
wife’s mother kutjinia
husbands father kulna
“ mother kukinia
wife karina
husband kari
mothers brothers son unkai
“ “ daughter unkunna
fathers sisters sons unkai
daughter unkunna
? wifes brother itina
mat g.f. kokurnai (operates on young girls)

Page 28

Oct 20. Camp 63 Pinda (O.T.)

Tenm 68.5
an 850 760
bar
alt 73.5 89.5

Left camp 6.55. reach Pinda after travelling over river & then long flat plain. Water hole with crocodile & screw pines – also paperbarks. Birds abundant.

Oct 21 Camp 63 Pinda

Tenm 68.5
an 720 760
bar
alt 74 88

Out shooting birds & skinning them rest of the day. Bower birds Bird with long tail & speckled wings. Crimson wing parrot. Blue old Parrot.

Oct 22 Camp 63 Pinda

Tenm 67
an 755 800
bar
alt 71 84.5

Shooting & skinning birds.

Gnanji colours
1. opmilla 13. Umura
2. opmilla 14. Umura
3. Yeryura 15. Umura
4. opmilla
5. Tangura
6. Oitu
7. Oitu
8. Tangura
9. Umura
9a. no name
10. irriagura
11. Umura
12. Mallumabaini

Page 30

Oct 23 Camp 63 Pinda

Tenm 66.2
an 730 785
bar
alt 72 91

Shooting & skinning birds

Oct 24 Camp 64 Ballanbrinni

Tenm 67.5
an 775 800
bar
alt 71.5 87

Left camp 6.40. reach Ballanbrini 11.50

Oct 25 Camp 64 Ballanbrinni

Tenm 72
an 755 810
bar
alt 72.5 87

Morning skinning birds. Chance left 3.30 went on about 9 miles sent horses aback to B.

Oct 26 Camp 65 Laila Crk. Top Yards

Left camp 5.50 reached wagon 7.10 On across rangy county & through “knobs”. Patches of screw pines Laila Crk 11.30. Native cotton tree with yellow blossom. Chance in 3.15 110o in shade.

Oct 27 Camp 65. Laila Crk Top yards

Tenm 73
an 540 610
bar
alt 81 81

In camp all day. Shooting & skinning birds. Sudden sharp thunderstorm in aft. Very large paperbarks by side of crk. 115o in shade.

Oct 28 Camp 66. Laila Crk. Wire yard

Tenm 77.5
an 525 355
bar
alt 77.5 78

Left camp 6. Reach camp 9.30 Very fine trees round succession of w.h. in deep bed. Figs with bunches of

Page 32

fruit on trunk & stem. Great paper barks – Leichardt’s pines. Orchids on gums. Sturt’s Bean tree in flower.

Oct 29. Camp 67 Wolverninnie

Tenm 63.5
an 340 220
bar
alt 66 75

Left camp 5.45. Followed N bank of Laila. Struck junction of Laila & Lunistors Crk(?) to 13 miles struck Anthony Lagoon track. Wolvernine. Country miserable. Chance came in 5.15 met a ‘copper team’ & arranged for C & this to travel together.

Oct 30. Camp 86 Macarthur Sr.

Tenm 59
An 205 180
bar
alt 60 66

Left camp 6.45. reached station 10.15. Capella Crossing of Macarthur very rough & sandy. Met Mr Amos & Mr Weldon at Sn. Leichardt’s pines. “Pear tree” (at O.T. shady tree). Andupogon hedleyana used as cure for diarrhoea Salt bush growing in garden. Native camp by river. Bones of
[margin sketch of paperbark bundle in fork of branch]
dead man in paperbark bundle in fork of upright branch in middle of camp. Few natives about.

Oct 31 Camp 68 Macarthur Sr.

Tenm 59
An 150 250
bar
alt 76 81

Day at station reading & writing till 5 when walked across river to where waggon camped

Nov 1. Camp 69 Frog Lagoon

Tenm 61
an 210 205
bar
alt 61 79

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[margin note] dead man’s bones
Old men brought in few things in morning just as ready to start & amongst these bones of dead man in paper bark parcel. Left camp 6.15. Crossed western crk deep gully. Reached frog lagoon 12.50

Nov 2. Camp 70. Borroloola

Left camp 5.45. Ten m 65.5
an 180 120
bar
alt 66 82.5

Left camp 5.45 Goose Lagoon & long flat uninteresting plain to Borroloola. Camped in court house. Aft. to camp by river. Marra & Anula natives then Binbinga native 1 mile away inland.

Nov 3. Camp 70 B.

Ten mi 66.2
an 110 105
bar
alt 68 83

Arranging things. 2 Anula natives & 1 Marra man.
Anula tribe to S of Macarthur R. on salt water
[margin note] see later Anula
[two lines crossed out]
1. Urallia man. mother arrawukaria
father urallia
wife arrawukaria
“ brother anawukaria
“ father anawukaria
children urallia
2. arrawukaria man
mother (au) urallia
father arrawukaria
wife urallia
wifes’ brother urallia
wifes father urallia

Page 36

[margin note] Anula
mungai = muthantuala
Urallia man fish hawk (tjutjutju) f. same. g.f. same
mother shark (yunmunji)
Cannot eat his totem sister fish haw.
eats small shark children tjuttju
wife yunmunji
Arrawukaria. man pearl oyster (pindi pindi)
father same gf same
mother fish hawk
brother pindi pindi children pindi pindi
wife lightning (yanmunji)
Cannot eat totem
[margin note] Marra class organisation
Marra class system
Urku Ua
(Tjerum) Murngun Purdal (Tjurulum)
(Tjulantjuka) Mumbali Kuial (Thungallum)
(Paliarniji) Mumbali ?Kuial Purdal (Chamerun)
(Pungarinji) Murrugun ?Purdal Kuial (Yakomari)
Murungun in Purdal
Mumbali in Kurial
Children follow father
Mumbali man. f. & gf. all whirl wind
Totem follow father Cannot marry woman of same totem as himself
[line crossed out]

Nov 4. Camp 70. B.

Ten min 67.2
an 90 150
bar
alt 79 82.5

[margin note] Binbinga
Paliarinji man of Binbinga tribe. totem ulanji (snake)
f & gf ulanji. mother dingo. children ulanji
wife (1) Kangaroo (2) Kangaroo

Page 38

[margin note] marriage restrictions
not eat totem & dingo only a little.
Cannot marry woman of same totem
Tjurulum man dingo f & gf. same. children dingo. sister dingo & brother. mother snake. Eats snake only a little. wife (1) snake (2) snake
In Binbinga cannot talk to sister f- or m-in-law
Cannot marry woman of same totem
[margin note] Binbinga class organisation
Class Binbinga
Tchnanaku (Nirnuma) Tjuruluru (Nuruluru)
Tjulantjuka ((Nurluru) Thungallum (Nungallum)
Paliarniji (Paliarina) Tjamerum (Niamerum)
Pungurinji (Pungarinia) Yakomari (Yakomarina)
No name for each moiety of tribe
[margin note] Allana class organisation
Allana tribe (salt water)
Panganpan Purulinpan
Palanpan Kamerunpan No names for moieties
Paliarinpan Kunqalanpan
Punqarinpan Tjanpipan
1. = Tjaringii
2. = illwarinii count up to 3
3. = illmurku
4. = illwarinii illwarinii
Mobs yamu & wuika
[margin note] Binbinga no intitichiuma
[margin note] see later
[margin note] burial
Binbinga No intichiuna ceremonies. Say that emu. snake kangaroo etc “self jump up”.
Burial etc. When native dies (if Tjuruluru) body cut up by Punqarinji, Tjulantjuka, Tjuanaku & Paliarinji. Make a hole in the ground. warm stones. cuts head off. takes brain etc out & cooks all flesh. Then bones gathered & wrapped in paper bark. Meat eaten by men of moiety to which he does not belong. Then the bones are taken to the father who keeps them in his camp. They are kept over two rains and then there is held a

Page 40

[margin note] Binbinga burial
big corrobboree.
The father sends a pungerinja man out with an arm bone to bring natives in. The mother meanwhile collects lillies &’sugar bag’. The bones are put in a hollow log which is painted and placed upright in the ground. Then the lubras come up & weep. Then they make corrobboree. Then the bones in the log are placed in a tree near to a small w.h. & the lubras may not come near to this to gather lillies etc. After about 3 floods the lubras can go to hole. Spirit goes back to Mungai place. After a time walks about & may be seen by these natives. Finally goes into another lubra & is reincarnated. Spirit knows the right lubra to go into.
Spirit = mundagi or oari
[margin note] Spirits (Mundagadji in sky)
The heavens are inhabited by two evil spirits called Mundagadji who instead of arms have knives. They are always trying to come down & eat up the Binbinga but are prevented by a kind spirit who lives in the forests. & is called ulurkuru. who watches for coming of Mundagadji to stop them. All 3 are covered with fine white feathers. Mundagadji can always he heard singing out in sky after a man dies. All 3 are seen by doctors. who are called Munqanidji

Nov 5. Camp 70 B.
Ten min. 67
an 100 150
bar
alt 76.5 84

[margin note] sunrise

Binbinga Two boys Pungaringi & Chamerun were circumcised at Apuralla (5 mile on Macarthur R).
[margin note] Two boys 1 witalia 1 roumburria
They went to an old woman & asked her for food said I have no food for you Then they tore off pubic tassels & threw them at her & ran away. After going a little way made a fire (qinka) and carried a fire

Page 42

[margin note] Binbinga
[margin note] boys & snake bobi bobi
stick on with them. Great snake Boobi boobi who was under ground smelt & watched them. Boys travelled onto Nurulunka made a hole and then water flowed out just as it does now. This is nurulunka spring. went on and killed a ♀ mountain kangaroo called Mantita dragged it along by tail for some way & their course is now marked by Walunag Crk. Then carried it on shoulders carried it to where a lily hole arose at spot where they dug hole with their hands and made fire to cook it. One said to other what shall we call this country & other said I think we call it Akulunku. Went on making crk now called Manunqa heard Pallpallkitchnia bird singing out Pu-pu-pu-pu. Crept up and killed it with waddy. Cooked & eat it & said we call this place Kantapupulpa – now marked by spring of that name. Travelled on to At-thara making crk all way At this place is small Mt where they turned round and travelled along a little crk. where made lily billabong – Myrnamymalla. On to [margin note] eat flying fox
Anawanja where camped and struck ground with stones. Snake hearing noise sent out mob of flying foxes (Kinaquanch) Boys saw them coming & said hallo flying fox come up. Went out & killed some & mob sang out loudly. Made lot of waddies & killed a lot. Brought them to camp. Had to make several trips to bring them in. Made native oven in wh placed flying fox to cook. Covered them up & went out to kill some more. Returned with more & took out those they had left cooking. As soon as took off covering foxes screeched out and flew away. Boys said hallo what name this one whats the matter fox fly away. Pungaringi said you go & kill some more. Said all right I go & kill more. Just then the snake who was underground watching them took out

Page 43

Chingilli Kintore Creek at Powell Creek etc. Chingilli had no tobacco or substitute. did not trade it
[margin note] no Tobacco in Chingilli
with other groups
[margin note] Dead mans beard
Dead man’s beard & hair cut off & made into Chantimmi used on avenging expedition
[margin note] Kurdaitcha shoes
Chingilli make kurdaitchi shoes of opossum string & call them warta. Man giving K is called munba
[margin note] Kintore Creek
Kintore Crk called wanyinginti. made in Poraradgu by Thamungula the frilled lizard. also came out of ground at the spring near station & all day made corrobboree. Mob of Thaballa came from Lamana [making of Powells Crk by frilled lizard
a long way off and hunted him away. Thamangula also made Powells Crk & the course of the creek running N. marks path of his retreat
Powell’s Creek is called Pumain (Ceremony at WK in connection with these Thaballa)
[margin note] Thaballa
Thaballa who hunted lizard went back to ^ 12 miles from Renner & sky fell down & killed them. Stones jumped up to mark spot. Fergus springs Kuraiu belongs to Illitchi & is place of origin of diver Tjurla
[margin note] Newcastle Water made by Jabiru etc
New castles Creek made by Jabiru. Munganitchi white crane & Lani (bird)

Page 44

[margin note] Binbinga
[margin note] find boomerang (=snake rib)
one of its ribs & threw it on plain where Pangangi found it. said hallo this is my boomerang – took it up put it in hair girdle. Pungangi sang out to Tjameru come here. By & by you & me kill them. Came up & Pung said I have found a good boomerang for you & I. Tjam. said yes you have. I will go & kill some flying foxes. Took it & killed a big lot. Pung. said That will do I will kill some now. Pung. sent bats in with Tjam. and threw his boomerang straight up into sky. which it pierced making a great hole into wh. it disappeared. They watched for a long time & by & by saw it descending. Fell end on & stuck in earth. Striking the snake who gripped & held it. Pung. said you pull it out Tjam. tried & tried but could not & found that he was slowly sinking into earth. Pung. sang out whats the matter what for no pull em out. Tjam. said I cant come & help me. The two pulled their hardest but [margin note] taken into earth by snake
could not move it. Gradually sank up to knees when the snake came out & seized them & dragged them into earth at the big water hole now called Numbi numbi. Took boys underground to Waliangu island where they still remain Are seen now & then by great medicine men but by no one else.
Boys are not supposed to eat flying foxes

Nov 6. Camp 70. B.

Tenm 69.2
an 9 am 75
bar
alt 86

Binbinga 1 Tjantina 2 Kutjarinia 3 Murkuna
small mob Bokarina big mob bokarinamunti
yes. yo. no yaku.

Page 46

[margin note] Marra numbers
Marra. 1. wanki. 2. urutja. 3. urutcha kaii. 4. urutcha urutcha mob tjari.
Yes yo. No nanmi
[margin note] Ulanji (snake) wanderings
Binbinga In the alcheringa (mungaii ) Ulanji the snake arose at Markumundanna out of the ground where he made a deep W.H. a lily hole. Walked along above ground to a big sand hill to Windilumba spring wh. he made & also a big mountain close by. Crossed the Linmen Creek. Made range of hills near the coast called Epindana. Kept along the Mt & made a valley with water holes & lillies – this valley crocked with billabongs in it. Made a river there with water holes & crocodiles in them. went on further along mountain side. Flying fox walked about along the spot of the old Bauhenia station – Kuriella-dat-kaulu. Snake walked here & saw the fox. he smelt it. Thought he would sneak up near to it because he wanted to eat it. Climbed the tree & cut off the foxes heads. Left the bodies hanging on the rocks. Went up ridges in sandy places : came round to the creek crossed & went onto plain made another range on coast. High banks with deep water (water hole= ipoanna). Went up country : took two of his ribs out (tjukutti) & left them. Two trees jumped up (Lamarra). Mungaii jumped up here & along his track. Went along plain: then made & went along river (Linmen) (top end of this) & made a very deep w.h. (Binbalda) very deep. went on to another plain & made lily billabong (Putjululabba) onto another plain. another lagoon with lillies (Lialaiinna). Went on to another billabong (Numquia) which he made – a big swamp alongside hill. Made two ranges one on each side. Billabong in form of gap between two ranges. Made a creek & went up another hill. Another billabong & another big river. up a flat valley which he made (urlu-urra-eastern creek). Made very deep fresh water holes here. Then went up a hill. made a

Page 47

[page used upside down]


3 brothers

elder younger
1 2 3

children children children
nitchari nitchari piniti


piniti = ipmunna?

Page 48

billabong (ur u ulkinni) with lillies. Made another mountain and W.H. (urlua). Went up the Mt. making a little creek. Then on to another plain & another billabong (Walpallinni). Then another Mt. & spring (Tutita). Left quartzite behind here out of wh. stone knives & spears were made. Stone = maitjama). Went on to & made big mob of springs (Nanawandurla). Crocodiles there. Took out his heart after going along a little Crk. (heart = kurtulula) left it here & called country urtulula. Big stone jumped up. Went on making big creek (ullumunda). made little ranges. then down into ground & came up and made big WH. (Uminiwura). Stopped here going inside earth. Made mungai all along.
Both men & women can see picanninies at mungai spots.
[margin note] Marrying wives Binbinga
Binbinga can take women (unkulla) if belonging to distant locality but growl if from near locality. Children follow class into wh. they should go if mother had married right man.
Marra . unkulla = viri-murarra
Binbinga “ = punkurnia
[margin note] obtaining wives Marra
In Marra father of lubra tells unkulla of man to who he is going to give his female child. & the unkulla tells the man. Cant talk to f.inl. or M.in law. If man gets food must send some of it by his wife to his f in law. If f in law gets a ♀ kangaroo keeps it all but if a ♂ sends some to his son in law.
Marra
[margin note] see p 92
Father naluru wife – irumakula
“ elder brother naluru napanini husband - “ “
“ younger brother nalur
“ sister uruburnana wifes sister “ “
“ mother namimi “ brother miniarti
“ father muri muri “ father nipari
mother katchiri
“ sister “ “ mother nunartjurlunga
“ brother gnagun elder brother gnauaii
“ mother unkurku younger “ niritja
“ father napitjatja

Page 49

Tjulantjuka calls
Daughter of 3 brothers (Yakomari)
elder brother’s namimi = really father’s mothers is applied to women of elder ....
middle brother irri makula
younger brother tilingate
see p 92


Marra man (Tjulanjuka) Mumbali
calls some Kuial women
[margin note] see notes later
 irri makulu may marry (Thungallum)
mirri mi-wuka cannot marry } Thungallum
namimi “ “ } Yakomari
 mai a wati “ “ Yakomari

Page 50

[margin note] Marra
wifes pat g.f. umburmati
“ moths. brother tjumalunga
“ “ father kuku
sons --- nitjari
daughters --- gnai i ati
son’s children --- muri muri
daughter’s children -- gnaka pitjatja
son’s son’s children gambiriti
daughter’s daughter’s children } kankulti
“ son’s “ }
sisters husband umburnati mi.... ӓrtî
sisters children nipari. sister daughter naiawarti
sisters husbands mother gnungatjalunga
“ “ father nipari
mothers brothers sons } miri manara (= puruka
daughters } = unkulla
= wankilli)
daughters husband gnagun
“ “ mother gnakaka
“ “ father gnapitjatja
son’s wife nirilumpakarunga
“ “ mother kuku
“ “ father karti karti
husbands father yallnali
“ mother neringwinia-arunga
elder sisters gnarali
younger “ gnanirritcha
f.s./
daughter husband tjamerlunga
“ children kankulti
sons “ yillinga
“ wife naningurarra
husbands sisters nirri-munka-karunga
mothers mothers brother nakaka

Page 51

Thuthu in Marra = yabuturrawa. No intichiuma in Bingbinga or Marra . (see later)

Page 52

Nov 7. Camp 70. B

Tenm 67.2
an 75 105
bar
alt 78.4 85.5

[margin note] food restrictions
[margin note] Binbinga
When boy cut cannot eat snake. big kangaroo ♀ wallaby emu turtle goanna (big lizards generally) big fish bandicoot ♀. flying fox. nat. companion. jabiru. black duck. dingo. turkey or eggs. pigeon. yam. Cannot eat these things until get whiskers. When old enough takes snake etc to old man & puts it round his neck. Then rubs mouth with it and is able to eat.
The forbidden foods are taken by
Pungarinji to Yakomari Thungallum
Paliarinji to Tjurulum
Tjuanaku to Tjanierum
Tjulantjuka to Thungallum Yakomari and vice versa
[margin note] food restrictions during pregnancy
When lubra enceinte neither she nor her b.f. not eat goanna ulanji snake. turtle. crocodile. porcupine. emu. kangaroo. big fish ♀ possum ♀ wallaby ♀ bandicoot flying fox. ♀ possum. ♀ bandicoot. dingo. turkey. pigeon. nat companion. jabiru. If eat these then child moves about scratching the insides of the womb and finally killing the mother & dying itself.
Marra restrictions when boy cut same as above. Moon tradition. B.fs. fishing on sea coast amongst [margin note] Moon Marra
mangroves caught the moon in a net. moon broke net when they tried to catch it and it went away into the water & was lost. Dont know how moon got up into sky.
[margin note] teeth Binbinga
Binbinga teeth knocking out. not compulsory Paliarinji boy’s tooth knocked out wrapped in paper bark & sent to Tjanierum who presents him with food. Tjanierum sends it back & then it is buried & no further notice taken of it. Paliarinji gives spear etc to Tjanierum – exchange between the two (cf. exchange of tobacco at T.K. between brothers in law.

Page 54

[margin note] Binbinga teeth
When woman tooth knocked out (Binbinga) is given to mother who gives it to her brother who brings spear etc back to 1st woman who gives it to her husband. Tooth brought to woman who wraps it in paper bark. The tooth is no good afterwards& is never interfered with.
[margin note] disposal of hair Marra
Marra Tjulantjuka man gives hair to his Puruka who is Tjurulum When dead Tjulantjuka hair goes to Tjurulum Puruka is son of mothers brother. Puruka = miri marana
Tjinum m Tjurulum children Pungarinji
Tjulantjuka “ Thungallum “ Paliarinji
Paliarinji “ Niamerum “ Tjulantjuka
Pungarinji “ Yakomari “ Tjirnum
[margin note] totem in Marra
Marra murungu mungai
Eaglehawk yellow snake. mountain kangaroo. big crocodile. Parrot. galah. stone. salt water.
Mambali. mungai
whirlwind. poison shrub. white hawk. crow. possum
saltwater mullet stingaree ‘debil debil’
Purdal mungai
Blue headed snake. big kangaroo crane, wallaby little fish hawk dingo. barramundi. rain. sand hill snake. little crocodile. little lizard.
Kuial mungai
Emu turkey. goanna. white cockatoo. grasshopper. water snake. kite. jabiru. big turtle yellow winged crane.

Nov 8. Camp 70 Borroloola

Tenm
an.
bar.
alt

[margin note] Binbinga
[margin note] Dingo man’s wanderings (p 74)
Binbinga tribe Tjurulum. man. Totem dingo (Tjantji) ^name Wartaninka. A dingo man who was a Yakomari came from a long way off on the tableland to a place called Anmula where he found

Page 56

[margin note] Binbinga Dingo mans wanderings
Thungallum who was his mess mate & who had come out of a big spring there a tree marks the spot which is called Taranku. They walked “messmates” and first of all made a little billabong called Makunka. Made corobbore sticks and “planted” them. called them Warrung uru uru.
[margin note] circumcision
Made the ground ready here for a circumcision ceremony and Yakomari ‘cut’ Thungallum. Then the two walked on. to Allana & made a billabong there & walked along the creek Walliarunparra which they made & then on to a River called Yana where they made a cave. There they slept and on
[margin note] pull penes out
awakening they ran on & both men pulled penes out and stuck them in the ground. Thungallum first of all took his out and placed it in the ground and this Yakomari did the same and placed it a little further on. Stone arose to mark the spot on each case. Went in and made a big creek-Watja. Then on & made a big billabong with lillies called Wichunga. Then on to a big creek Mungaialla.
[margin note] produced a child
Thungallum here brought forth a child out of his body & left him along by a big stone. Went on & made a big spring Wi-a-warra. went on to Itari a spring wh. he made & found a river kangaroo there (Wangari). Went on into the sandhills where he met an emu (udaripa). The dingo told the emu to walk one way while he himself went the other. Dingo made a creek called Walinjurinni and then went onto Kallanbárinni where he made the creek & waterhole. also he made a hole on the top of the hill. Went onto Muntura a water hole on a creek – filled with Lillies – lower down this creek is called
Western creek.
[margin note] made fire
Made fire here by twirling sticks together at a place called Kumpaliri. Broke one stick in two and twirled one on the other. Went along a range and met a native companion (Tharamanji) at Builangarimi & made a hole on a Mt. at Warramarra where there is a spring. Went on quickly to Mimininni Made & left yams at Tatapitti. Went on and made spring on

Page 57

Anula
♂ name Waritjarumpa
Totem crocodile (matumbara)
not eat totem. f. & g.f. matumbara mother
tjutjutju (fishhawk) brother matumbara sister. do.
children natumbara
♂ name ai iripunga
totem tjutjutju. f. & g.f. same. mother fish.
children tjutjutju. brothers - tjutjutju

Page 58

[margin note] Binbinga dingo man
Oakey Creek. Made billabong – Milinia – Met river kangaroo again & went on to a big creek Mungai-inni. Onto Tililinni. Went on down by creek. Went on travelling making creeks etc and made goose lagoon (Kalawani) & so on to Weldon’s crossing. Went to Turtanni where the tide ends and made a big billabong called Lingarra. and then on to Willingarra & walked about there finally going into the ground at this spot. (Here our informant was left in picanniny form)
[margin note] carried sacred sticks
These dingoes carried sacred sticks under their arms during the day and at night time put these on their heads. These were called Wartamurra
[margin note] showing boys the sticks
When boys are initiated the Wartamurra is placed on the palms of the boys hands and he is told not to ‘growl’ at the old men & women & not to eat forbidden food. Small Wartamurras are carried by boys when circumcised. The woman think that the noise of the roaring is made by a spirit called Kartatjalina who sits down in an ant hill. They think that he has come up to eat the boy and cry.
[sketch of two sticks]
Fire stick – anula. napu-urtalla.
Binbinga ku-unkalamma. Marra. purdalla.
[margin note] Hawks made fire first time
Marra In Marra hawk made fire first time by twirling one stick on another. Gave cooked food to Purdal & Kuial & uncooked food to Murungun. Mambali

Nov 9. Camp 70. Borroloola

Tenm 66.7
an 70 145
bar
alt 58 74

[margin note] names in Binbinga
Naming Binbinga. Paliarinji man name Wartunka given by father. this was name of his pat. g.f. another child ♀ Kalumbamia named after a pat. grandmother

Page 60

[magin note] Binbinga
Man father’s name is Korangitcha ie name of billabong where he was conceived
This man obtained his wife by inheritance from his elder dead brother.
[margin note] betrothal
Girls given away by father:
This mean when his girl was a little pic. promised her to a Macarthur Thungallum man. He called the latter & told him that when she (the child) was grown up he would give her to him and at the same time he put the childs arm in the mans hand. The man gave the girls father boomerangs spear tomahawks & also tucker. That man after then does not talk to his f. in l. The things were given by him to the child to take to her father.
[margin note] Dead Childs name
When a child dies the same name is not given to a subsequently born son or daughter. Children are taken by brother on death of father.
[margin note] infanticide
Infanticide is practiced especially if the child has been hurting the mother much before birth. The child may before long re enter the same mother. They also kill children if they come too frequently.
[margin note] Eating dead children
The children are eaten by individuals of their moiety – the mother does not participate – “too much sorry”
Finally bones put as usual in a hollow log in tree.
[margin note] Spirit
The spirit kutula goes first back to mungai spot. It is supposed to hear the mother crying & by & by sings out Ka-Ka! Then they cease mourning & the spirit goes back to the mungai spot.
[margin note] giving of names
In Wilingura tribe name is usually given by the pat. grandfather.
In Binbinga lubra may be stolen as in other tribes . this very rare.

Page 62

Binbinga initiation. In the case of a Yakomari boy. He is caught by a Paliaringi man who tells him to
[margin note] gets hair string from his mother
go to his mother & ask her for hair string etc. He ties this on himself while his mother weeps. Then he comes back to the Paliaringi man who rubs him all over with fat& grease and puts possum fur
[margin note] goes to his mother
string on him across the chest & across arms. The Paliaringi tells him to go back & show himself to
[margin note] mother gives him food
his mother which he does & she again weeps. His mother gives him sugarbag & other tucker which
[margin note] food eaten by men
he brings back to the men’s camp where he eats a little the main part being divided amongst Tjuralaku, Pungaringi, Tjameraku, Tjuanaku & Thungalaku who all eat some of it. The elder brother says to him you go along of Tjuralaku who together with the Pungaringi man rubs him with grease.
[margin note] shows to men of diff groups
In turn they take him to Pungaringi men who take him to Tjainerum who take him to Tjuralaku & then
[margin note] sent away for 3 moons
to Tjuanaku. All rub him in turn. The father tells him to come back in 3 moons. While travelling he eats sugarbag & lillies. When he returns his father clears a space on the ground. Pungaringi & Tjuralaku bring him up & sing out at sunset.
[annotated sketch] cleared space bushes
[margin note] brought back
[margin note] sent to his mother
They grip him by the arm wrist as they bring him up. Then he is sent to his mother. He bows his head & his mother takes off the string and keeps it & tells him to go back to the b.fs. Tjuanaku takes [margin note] Tjuanaku carries boy on shoulder to father
the boy on his shoulder and carries him then to his father. The father takes him off the shoulder & [margin note] boy taken back to mother who give him food
carries him back to his mother who gives him more sugarbag etc part of wh. he eats & part he takes to the other b.f.s to same as before. Some men have come back with him from the camp which he has [margin note] sleeps at his mothers camp
been visiting & these strangers now performs a corrobboree. The boy goes meanwhile to his mothers
[margin note] brought back at sundown next day
camp to sleep. while the b.f.s quab. & sing all night. His mother tells him to go to sleep. At sundown the elder brother brings him up to the cleared space. where he lies down covered with paperbark. Meanwhile

Page 64

[margin note] Binbinga initiation
men have been painted for a quab and approach singing. Tjuanaku comes up to where close by his
[margin note] men prepare for quab.
father the boy lies down. Elder brother fixes a row of boomerangs upright in the ground in front of the boy. Performers retire : boy still lies low. The former eat food brought by boy. All the men then come up & make fires the local men sitting down in a mob. & singing. Tjuanaku wakes boy up the
[margin note] boy is shown a quab
boy sits near to the bushes and is shown a quab. wh. the men dance with ‘chintilli’ All the women
[margin note] boy told not to eat certain things
remain apart in their camp Then the Paliaringi tells the yak. boy you no more tuck out snake bandicoot ♀ possum ♀ kangaroo ♀ wallaby ♀ emu & emu eggs etc. At Picanniny daylight the elder Yak takes the cutting knife to Tjuralaku carrying it under his armpit (knife = kurnalia). Two
[margin note] boy cut by Tjuralaku
paliaringi then lie down the boy is placed on top of them and the Turalaku comes up & cuts off foreskin his legs being held by elder yak. While 1 Tjuralaku sits on his chest. Possum fur string is placed in his mouth to prevent his crying out. Paliaringi man leads boy to paperbark into which he [margin note] bleeds into paperbark
bleeds & again tells him you no tuck out etc Paliaringi takes bushes and gives them to the yak boy
[margin note] told not to look at f. in l.
who has been cut telling him not to look at his f. in l. The blood is carried to the boy’s mother by his
[margin note] blood carried to mother & placed in billabong
elder brother the former puts it in a billabong so as to make the lillies grow. Yak (elder brother) takes foreskin to Tjuralaku who ties it up in bark & keeps it for some time. By & by he brings it up to the
[margin note] foreskin finally taken to elder brother & buried
father & also brings spears etc. Spears etc are given by father to Tjuralaku. Skin is finally given to elder brother who puts it in a hole in the ground anywhere. Meanwhile the elder brother has taken the
[margin note] elder brother takes boy into bush
boy out into the bush. & the two stay by themselves.
[margin note] when healed elder brother goes to mother for more string
When the wound is healed the elder yak. goes back to the boys mother & asks her for more string. Takes it to the boy & ties it round him putting on him also a possum fur tassel made by the mother & called ‘mania’ The yak (elder) cuts a

Page 66

[margin note] Binbinga initiation
limb off a tree slants it against this & the boy sits on it straddled legged. Leaving him the elder yak.
[margin note] boy sits on slanting branch. mother comes up & rubs him with red ochre & gives him food
goes to the mother & tells her to go to the boy. She comes up rubs him all over with red ochre & gives him sugarbag & lillies & tells him to take it to all of the other Yaks. who eat it up. At a later period subincision is performed. The elder Yak tells the boy not to go near the lubras but to go to the b.f.s’ camp & go out daily with them. When the ceremony is to be performed he is brought to the
[margin note] subincision by Tjuralaku
camp by his elder brother. Two paliaringi lie down & the boy is put crosswise above then. The other yak holds his legs & a Tjuralaku sits astride. The elder Yak leads a Tjuralaku up, holds up the penis
[margin note] boy sucks blood off stone
& the Tjuralaku operates. The elder Yak tells the boy not to be frightened because he wants to walk about a b.f. not a boy. The boy sucks the blood of the stone the knife being handed to him by the elder Yak. to whom it is given by the Tjuralaku who retires to the side as soon as he has operated. The boy is led up to a sheet of paperbark, & sits over this, by the elder Yak. Fire is made & elder
[margin note] elder brother takes boy into bush
Yak. warms hands at this & holds them over penis. The elder Yak. takes him into bush. The blood is
[margin note] blood put by mother in billabong
taken to the boys mother who puts it in a billabong. When boy is recovered gives food etc to
[margin note] boy gives food to Tjuralaku
Tjuralaku. he is told when to do so by his elder brother. The spears boomerangs dillybags etc are taken to the boy by his mother. Tjuralaku puts his hand up to the boy’s mouth – same done by Pungaringi, Tjuanaku & Yaks who come from a distance. The boy gives food to all of the above.
[margin note] childbirth
At childbirth elder sister assists : cuts umbilical cord off with stone knife & ties end up. cord & afterbirth put in hole in ground
[margin note] Bone burial Bone burial
In Binbinga when Paliaringi die Yak. takes his spears etc. Paliaringi calls Yak, Paruka. Father of deceased hands everything over & tells man to burn them except spear & boomerang

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[margin note] Binbinga Bone burial
which he keeps.
[margin note] hair cut off dead man taken to distant group
The hair is cut off dead Paliaringi man by Yak. who puts it in paperbark
[annotated sketch] –packet = ni ira. Another yak. takes the bundle & walks with it to distant group to bring them in. The Yak. returns with the mob and goes on ahead to tell the local people. The local
[margin note] return of man with strangers
people sit down altogether. The young Yak come up runs round them singing Kai Kai! Carrying & striking a nulla nulla. Then the stranger mob led by the yak. who went out approach in single file &
[margin note] strangers come up in single file
dance round the local people singing out Oh! Oh! points of spears downwards, boomerangs in belt.
[margin note] put boomerangs in ground
Put boomerangs in ground in a row in front of local men. Then retire. The father of the dead man sits
[margin note] spears placed in front of father of dead man
in the middle and all of the spears are laid in front of him. He has the bundle of bones in the forked branch close to him.
[annotated sketch] wide with log in middle
The strange men retire to one side.
[annotated sketch] spear local mob
Then the father & sons of dead man give the latter honeybag & lillies wh. they have collected. Saying
[annotated sketch] quab quab
[margin note] food given to strangers
this is only a very little eat it we will give you more by & by when you make corrobboree. Local mob [margin note] sing quabs. of dead man’s mungai
go on singing all night. Sing Quab. songs of mungai to wh. dead man belonged. The Yak brings a [margin note] hollow log brought up
hollow log up in wh. bones are to be placed. log = lalanga. The Yak. paints the log with a mungai [margin note] log painted with mungai
design of dead man then Tjulantjuku gives bones to Yak. who puts them in log. Tjulantjuku & [margin note] bones put in there later on
Paliaringi men are painted with mungai brands. but no actual father.
[margin note] any newly initiated .young men are brought up
Any newly initiated young men are brought up. Stranger mob come up close. When dark Yak. takes
[annotated sketch] –bone –men seated all round –log –quab quab
log & places it upright on end in quab ground at one end. Decorated men carry paperbark wands (nin ira) under arms shaking bodies with hands behind backs. Sing mungai belonging to dead man. One Yak.

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[margin note] Binbinga
[margin note] Bone burial
out of local mob goes up to strange mob & brings up one Paliaringi & the two advance in sinuous line singing & beating boomerangs go round & round seated mob. Then tumble down. Paliaringi & Tjulantjuka are brought up one by one and the wands they carry are
[margin note] strangers dance round locals who sit near bones
thrown into heap & burned – near to log. Finally decorated men form a ring all holding hands round the others who are seated by the bones. Amongst seated men one Yak. stands up beating boomerangs.
[margin note] bones placed in log
At pic. daylight bones are placed by a Yak. in the log wh. has a paperbark lid at each end. The whole is rolled up in bark so as to cover everything. The father tells the Yak. to take bones. He carries them
[margin note] log taken to camp
on his shoulder to his camp. The gins have made a cleared space with a hole in the centre and all of
[margin note] Lubras carry kangaroo bones in their hands
them carry kangaroo bones in their hands. All blacks approach shouting Oh! oh! Sh! sh! urr! urr! One Yak carrying branches wh. he shakes in the lead. Yak. with bones in the middled. Blacks retire. gins [margin note] lubras cut heads with bones
come up cut heads with bones & then go away. Paliaringi & Tjulantjuka come up & place food round
[margin note] food placed near & on logs
the log. & one big sugarbag on the top. After some time 2 Yaks take the food to the strangers except [margin note] taken to strangers except one lot
the top sugarbag which they take & eat. The father of the dead man tells the strangers to spell a day. The 2 Yaks take log to billabong & place it in bough of tree if possible overhanging water. Paliaringi [margin note] log placed in tree by billabong
& Tjulantj. cannot eat lillies out of that hole. Only the Puruka of dead man can eat lillies out of that [margin note] only puruka of dead man eat out of this w.h.
hole for about 3 wet seasons. Next day father of dead man takes Kulani (bone of dead man wrapped [margin note] father takes bone of dead man to strange mob puts it under arm of each man
up) to strange mob. puts it under arm of each man saying you must kill the man who killed my son. Then he puts it in the mouth of one Yak. man telling him to keep it. When the later goes on the [margin note] puts it in mouth of one yak. telling him to keep it
avenging expedition he ties it on close to stone head & spears the murderer. comes back with bone to father who says “you been kill him”. Yes

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[margin note] Binbinga
[margin note] bone burial
[margin note] shows father blood on spear
and shows him blood on spear. Old man gives him tucker spear etc. & sends him back to his country. The old man may keep the bone or may put it in hole near the billabong but it is no further of any use.
[margin note] descent of headship of totem
Charge of mungai descends to son if old enough but if not to eldest brother of dead man. Head of totem = Mingaringi (same name also in Marra).
[margin note] doctors
Binbinga doctors Making of Kurkutji & Yakomara man. One day Kurkutji walked into a cave in a [margin note] Mundalji a spirit
Mt. not far from Borroloola called Yona & sat down & looked around. A spirit called Mundadji came up & caught him by the neck & killed him. Then another spirit Munkaninji the son of the old man [margin note] Munkaninji a spirit
came up and restored him to life telling him he was now a doctor Munganinji & showed him how to take bones etc out of ill men. Before this however Mundadji had taken insides out of Tambo having cut him right down the middle line. Mundadji took his own guts out and exchanged them for those of [margin note] Mundadji exchanged insides with man.
Tambo. Put stones also in his insides. Then Munkaninji took him up into the sky & back near to his [margin note] Took man back to his camp
own camp where they heard the men crying for him thinking him dead. When the doctor takes the bones out Munkaninji is supposed to be near at hand watching. When the man operates he first of all sucks blood out of the stomach of the dead man. then he proceeds to take out the bone having done [margin note] taking out of bone
wh. he threw it in the direction of where Munkaninji was. Then he told the mob that he would go and ask the latter if he could kindly allow him to show it to the mob and retired for this purpose returning with the bone.
[margin note] cuts on body done by puruka
Brands. a man’s puruka cuts the brands on him called Buruna
Very little cutting if body (comparatively) takes place when a man dies.

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[margin note] not looking at f. in l.
The custom of not looking upon an actual or potential f.in.l. is very marked amongst this tribe. A Binbinga Tjulantjuka man will not look at at Marra Yakomari man.

Nov 11 Camp 70. Borroloola.

Tenm 66.5
an 70 100
bar
76 alt 89 83

[margin note] Binbinga colours
Binbinga colours
1. Upupa 9. nitjinitja
2. kitpaneika 9a. Nitjinitja
3. Tjarakura 10. Tjarakura
4. Tanguranutka 11. nitjinitja
5. Tanguranutka 12. nitjinitja
6. Munqaianutka 13. nitjinitja
7. Tanguranutka 14. nitjinitja
8. Tanguranutka 15. nitjinitja
[margin note] operation on Binbinga women
Binbinga. Tjurulum ♂ operates on Paliarina woman she calls him napitchi (husbands father). Lies on top of future husband. Women are lent at quabs. By & by when fully depd husband lends her
[margin note] lending of lubra before taking charge of by one man
to Yak. Tjameru & Pungaringi She calls yak puruka. Tjam. Kaikai Pung. kukuku.
[margin note] fire making
Making of fire. Fire first made by dingo (Tjantji) at Aninula.
[margin note] Circumcision Yak. dingo man first time showed how with stone knife. (p 54)
Circumcision Before the time of the dingo circumcision had been performed by means of a fire stick. but the Yakomari dingo bought stone knives down from the tableland and showed them how to cut with a knife. The stone knife (kurta) was carried along his back. The Yakomari cut the dingo Thungallum with whom he was travelling (see earlier). A karkamunga (frilled lizard) who was a Tjurulum met the two dingos. Yakomari gave the knife to Thungallum who carried it under his arm and having

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[margin note] Dingo circumcising Yarkamunga
circumcised the Yarkamunga presented him with the knife Then the lizard took the knife along to the Kanawa country and showed them how to use it.
Binbinga circumcision thamunga
subincision tjanamma
old woman mulpuna. you bf. naringi. old bf. mulpui.
[margin note] Marra Circumcision whirlwind man
Marra circumcision etc
The whirlwind came up from a long way off & came to Wangunji in Marra country & made quab There were three men there and having plenty of lubras with him he gave one to one of them and cut the other two. By & by another lubra was born who was given to one of other two men & by & by a second who was given to other man. Whirlwind went on to Tjintjuwarra where he made a billabong & lillies. Carried boys & girls with him to whom he gave origin. Went on to Rӓilrui a w.h. where he
[margin note] met old kangaroo who asked him for a lubra. referred to the men at Wungunji
stood up a nulla nulla and a big tree arose. Went on to Wiljiri & there met an old kangaroo who asked him for a gin. The whirlwind said that all of them were out gathering yams but that they would return at night when he could have one. However the K. was in a hurry and said he could not wait so the whirlwind told him to go and try and get one at Wangunji where he had left one. but the K said no that b.f. might growl at me so they parted. The K. went on & made Lake Mary & the whirlwind went on to a big swamp Wichilarra.
Marra In the Alcheringa there was a great pine tree which reached right up into the sky. A lot of star
[margin note] Star men & women went up pine tree
men & women and children one day climbed up there. Meanwhile a hawk called Karkan discovered
[margin note] Karkan made fire
the way to make fire by rubbing two sticks together. He was a black Karkan & wanted to keep the fire to himself but a white Karkan came up

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[margin note] Marra hawks & fire
and objected and took a fire stick & gave fire to the Kenal & Purdal blacks. though the black bird covered all the fire up with his wings and tried to prevent the white bird from getting any. However
[margin note] pine tree burnt down
unfortunately the grass was set on fire and the big pine tree was burnt down so that the bfs. up above could not get down again and ever since they have remained up there. They have crystals on their
[margin note] crystals on bodies of star men etc = women
bodies at elbows knees etc and it is the shining of these which makes the stars. The grass got burnt all
[margin note] grass burnt all way to Roper
the way to the Roper river when the white hawk threw the stick away to Mungatjarra. The black
[margin note] Karkan told men to marry straight
[margin note] Straight marriage
hawk died where he made the fire. Kakan a quail took a mambali lubra & told mamebali to take his sister. A dingo man who was a Purdal took a Munungru lubra and told the mumgai men to always take Purdal lubra.
After the Karkan had first shown them the straight way to marry there came along a Uralanku – eagle
[margin note] Uralanku came along and agreed with Karkan about marriage
hawk – who was a mambali & agreed with Karkan that his method was the straight way – before that they had married any way.
The doctors can see the star people and can also climb at night up into the sky by a rope which the
[margin note] doctors can see star people and can climb up into sky
ordinary blackfellows cannot see.
Binbinga I Aunla
An ulanji (snake) man who was a Paliaringi first time told the natives to marry straight. He came to a
[margin note] Ulanji told men to marry straight
places called Marawa where he sat down and quabd. Here he met a kangaroo – a Tjurulum man. The latter heard the snake quabing and came up and asked him his name. He said that he was ^Ronubina
[margin note] conversation with kangaroo
Paliaringi & the Kangaroo in return said that he was ^Urbalia Tjuralaku. Then P. said what shall I call you – I will call you napitchi and Tjuralaku said what name shall I call you – you are Tjungarai. Then the K. asked the snake wh. way he was going – and the snake said - I go that way. Tjurulum said you got em

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[margin note] Binbinga and straight marriage
gin. Then ulangi said me no got em. Then said Tjurulum I think I will give you my picanniny. and Ulangi camped at this place which was Marrawa and belonged to the old Kangaroo. Walania a water hole close by belonged to Ulanji. In this no lillies grow only water. Tjurulum brought his picanniny to ulanji. Tjurulum said you no more catch ‘em wrong gin you call me napitchi me give along of you straight fellow.
Tjurulum started off and met Tjuanaku close by. Tjuanaku made quab close by and Tjurulum sneaked up. Tjuanaku asked Tjurulum which way you come from. He said me been come long way me sit down altogether. Me call you Kai Kai. Tjuanaku said me call you Kai kai too. Tjurulum said to Tjuanaku where are your sisters. He said oh my sisters are here my father has been gone a long way. Tjuanaku said you must wait along of my father. Pungaringi came up and saw Tjurulum. Tjuanaku said my ‘beinganin’ been come up and ask me for my sister. Pungaringi called him Tjangari. Tjurulu called him napitchi. The Pungaringi sent the gins to Tjurulum who went off with them after asking Tjuanaku wh. way he was going. Tjurulum was a big kangaroo. went all the way to the salt water.
When bitten by snake tie limb up if bitten by snake tight. Sing head to make poison go out by toes.
[sketch of leg]

Nov. 12 Camp 70 B.

Tenm 69
an 70 75 wind 9
bar E S E
74 alt 85 84

[margin note] see above under date Nov 11 for notes

Nov. 13 Camp 70 B.

Tenm 60.5
an 105 105 wind 9.15
bar E S E
alt 86 81.5

Page 82

Nov. 14 Camp 70 Borroloola

Tenm E S E
an 60 145
bar
74 alt 85.5 81.5

[margin note] Marra
Marra The star people who went up into the sky do not die. Have got plenty of sugar bags goanna
[margin note] two sulky spirits in sky
fish emu kangaroo etc there. In the sky dwell two spirits who are called Minungarra who are sulky
[margin note] make doctors
that is wirrianumba. These two men make doctors who are called mungurni. The two take men up into sky (Kunturu) ^doctors made by exchange of guts and take out guts. If there be a sick man they
[margin note] want to kill sick man
come down and want to kill him but there is a friendly spirit called munpani who dwells in the woods and stops the unfriendly ones from doing harm. The two unfriendly spirits have knives instead of arms just as in the Binbinga. Munpani can also make doctors.
Doctors When a b.f. wishes to become a doctor he collects fat of porcupine & kangaroo emu goanna
[margin note] Marra
etc. Makes a big fire & burn fat at sundown. The spirit sometimes Miningarra sometimes Munpani
[margin note] Two spirits = mungarra in Marra they are father & son
comes out & speaks to him. Do not you be frightened we dont want to kill you. Then he makes him invisible, cuts him open along middle line & takes all insides out & exchanges them for his own. Eyes ears everything the same. The mob wait about camp & cant find the man & look about for him at dusk when he does not return. The spirits take him up into the sky. Finally he is brought down again & placed near his camp. The men find him and ask what is the matter & he tells them that the spirits have made him into a doctor.
Falling star Tjan wanguwangu When a falling star is seen it is supposed that the old Minungarra has
[margin note] falling star
sent the younger one down to earth to see if a sick man is nearly dead. When he comes back the elder who has told him to come back when he is close up dead asks him about it. If it be only a child he does not go but if a b.f. then they go

Page 84

[margin note] Marra
down to endearn to suck up the blood of the dead man as they have small mouths which can only be used
[margin note] falling star spirit coming down from sky
for sucking. However they can only do this if they get there unnoticed by Mumpani who is alway on
[margin note] Mumpani friendly spirit
the look out for them.
ordering star kamirrinji
Intichiuma ceremonies in Marra Gunlungun-paiatjula. On Banan..da Crk near to Linmen R there is a
[margin note] Intitchiuma
big stone wh. represents an ancient big honey bag carried by ancestors & left there, Mambalia &
[margin note] haney bag
Murrungeru b.f.s can by striking this with stone so as to produce powder, increase supply of bees. The powder is blown about in various directions & gives rise to bees (kuntil).
In case of plain kangaroo (palinkama) they get dung belonging to it and tie it up in grass. They make
[margin note]plain kangaroo
a cleared space then get grass & kick it up and spread it over ground: lay the dung on it cover again with grass & burn it all up. Then they get green boughs & light them in the fire & scatter the embers in all directions. This is done in a country where kangaroo are plentiful & the idea is to make the k jump up in plenty. The grass (pillinjirri) wh. grows on ridge is a favourite food of kangaroo. pillinjirri is purdal so is kangaroo. The performers say there are no kangaroo along my place you go there. when they go to the kangaroo place they ask the kangaroo man if they may perform the ceremony.

Nov. 15 Camp 70 B.

Tenm 64.5 E N E
an 100 175
bar
70 alt 83 82.5
mail day

Nov. 16 Camp 70 B

Tenm 64.5
an 110 160
bar
alt 84 83

Page 86

[margin note] Anulu Classific.
(Murngun)= Awukaria { Tjuanuka (Purdal)= Urtalia {Tjurulum
{Pungaringi {Tjamerm
(Mambalia)= roumburia {Tjulantjuka (Quial)= wialia {Thungallum
{Paliaringi {Yakomari
descent fraternal

Totem
Wialia Roumburia
fish (ramitji) shark (Nurtungurtu)
sugarbag (tulpari) ^non-poisonous snake (titikurlu)
goanna (watapa) snake (napintipinti)
cold weather (ramadu) white eagle hawk (atthuparumpa)
wild fowl (ralunthalpuna) large crane (pungandu)
emu (tjakurtukurtu) small crane (iparipa)
hawk (mularakarka) dollar bird (munbakuaku)
curlew (lungantarra)
Urtalia stingaue (minyi minyi)
fishhawk (Tjutjutju) mullet (uwaruka)
snake (rapupuna) whirlwind (lampitji)
water snake (arrikarika) possum (biwali)
barramundi (wuruma) shark (yunmunji)
fw fish (wurr-wurr)
long fish sw (amukarra) Awukaria
“ “ (warra nunga) dugong (walliki)
“ “ (oaria) sw fish (murulanka)
sw turtle long tailed (undiuiuka) “ “ (thuriutu)
sw “ short “ (gnoalia) snake (gnurwa)
[margin note] totem & marriage nat. companion (muramaia)
Can marry any woman of right group. euro (guara banala)
Totem descent is like that of class white stone (wuta wuta)
fraternal. Every individual has his own ground sugarbag (anitjana)
totem but has a subsidiary interest in big eagle hawk (atthelparama)
other of his own group. (‘class’) corroboree stick (yalinunji)
alligator (martumbarra)
small shark (ulukuku)

Page 88

[margin note] Anulu
Anulu ^(urtalia) man tjutjutju children tjutjutju f & gf same
wife shark & wawukaria)
Roumburia man wife wialia
children roumburria totem whirlwind. f. gf & children same
[margin note] Doctor
Crocodile eggs only eaten by old men.
[margin note] Anulu
Doctor called pari pari belong to yantunarra falling star totem hereditary in totem passing also to women
[margin note] Eating of dead
Eating of Dead When wialia dies is eaten by Wialia & Roumburia Wialia woman not long ago eaten by 3 Roumburria & 1 wialia. The wialias were tribal father & 2 Roumburria were mother’s brother. & mother fathers.
[margin note] see notes book
Womans totem was Barramunda
2 wialia are dog 1 roumburria alligator other night hawk
5 wialia [annotated sketch] 5 woman 12 34
1 & 2 wialia
3 & 4 roumburia
1 calls 5 katja katja
5 calls 2 / winiata (father)
5 calls 3 & 4 tjakaka (mothers brother)
3 & 4 call 5 kurna atima
Anulu terms of relationship
father – winiata wifes father’s father – murru-muru
“ elder brother tjunana “ mothers brother – limaiata
“ mothers father - tjanokoko
“ younger “ tjan an au ana children - katja katja
“ sister “ nana son’s children - moiri moi (muri muri)
“ mother “ mӓimi? daughters children - mӓ imi
“ father “ (tja)muri muri son’s children children- nanama
mother - parata daughter “ “ - akara marini
“ sister - at tjai uru
“ brother elder - tjakaka sisters husband - murru muru
“ “ younger tjatiati “ children - kurna atima
“ mother - ukuku sisters husbands mother – [crossed out]
“ father - tjamimi (mӓimi) “ “ father – [crossed out]
wife - arunguta mothers brothers sons} mӓ imi
husband - arunguta daughters}
wife’s sister - arunguta-munjiakara daughters husband - kai-pandu-nurtungalu
“ brother- murru muru “ “ mother - (at than)-ukuku
“ father- mungathu-artunguntha “ “ father - tjamimi (mӓimi)
“ mother - limaiata son’s wife - at thai uru. ?
elder brother - tjapapa “ “ mother - at than – ukuku
younger “ - winaka “ “ father - mӓ imi
elder sister - natjapapa mothers mothers brother – ukuku
younger “ - wianaka

Page 90

[margin note] Anulu

Nov 17 70 B

Tenm 69.5
an 120 160 ENE
bar
73 alt 86 85

Marra Tjulantjuka calls daughter of 3 brother Yakomari (1) Elder broth’s namimi (2) middle broth irimakula (3) younger brother tilingati.
[margin note] see 49
[margin note] bone burial
Anulu. When bf dies the bones (after eating flesh) are wrapped up in paperbark & carried to the mothers camp. The mother has collected sugarbag, lillies etc. Quab. made. A messenger is sent out with a message stick (wiairpi) to bring strange mobs in. If Tjulantjuka dead then tjuralaku goes with stick. He presents it to an old Paliaringi & asks him about the men and is told that he will get them together. When they are all assembled he brings them with him. They spell perhaps a night or two on the way & make fire to show that they are coming. The tjuralaku who went out does not himself come up first but sends another Tjuralaku up to announce approach who says they are all here. Food is given to them which has been collected by local mob. Then he goes back & the 1st Tjuralaku says alright we will go up early. Then they approach saying oh! oh! Further particulars just as in Binbinga.
[margin note] Eating dead
Eating dead man. When Roumburia dies the body is dismembered by an Urtalia ^wialia? who is puruka of Roumburia man (Yakomari cut up Tjulantjuku etc) Wialia (Yak) & Urtalia (Tjurulum & Tjamerum) & Awukaria (Tjuanaku). latter is koko of dead man.
No lubra eats any of dead man
Bones then carried by Yak to father & mother They both wail.
[annotated sketch] M F bones
Then they are put up in the forked stick. After having been placed for some time on a platform to dry thoroughly stick surrounded by raised ring
[two sketches, one annotated] –fire

Page 92

[margin note] Anulu
of sand with small fire which is kept burning & is made specially by rubbing fire sticks together. The fire may only be approached by mother & father & no one is allowed to touch of go near to it save
[margin note] fire called koaka is kurta kurta
them. The fire called kurta kurta (general name for fire puiuka)
If Tjulantjuku woman dies same men cut her up no woman eats any flesh
Corrobboree = wallappa
Sacred ceremony = akunapipi
Hair dispersal of dead man
[margin note] dispersal of hair
If Tjulantjuku dies wialia & Urtalia cut whiskers & hair off. Yak take whiskers. Urtalia take hair from head (Tjurulum). Dont let women see it. The father of dead man says you go along your puruka & cut hair off. Tie hair in bark with possum fur string belonging to dead man. Paint themselves with white.
Hair of dead man = namarattha
Hair on living man = nanattha
Radin etc sent out just as in Binbinga
[margin note] Anulu numbers
Anulu numbers 1 = rakula
2 = arrak un mata
3 = arit tharita
4 = arrakunmata arrakunmata
mob = tjakata
Nov 16 Snake Quab (Karri murra) Marra ceremony
[margin note] Marra see p 49
Marra A mambali man calls different Quial .... (1) nipari (Yak) (2) namimi (Yak) (3) tillingati (Yak & Thung) (4) umbumati (Thung) (5) mimӓti (Thung).
The Yak whom he calls nipari belong to a generation senior to his own Calls children of young yaks tilingati. wife of elder brother is namimi own wife irimakula. wife of younger brother tillingati. If
[margin note] dispersal of widows
elder brother dies not take his wife but gives her to another Yak who is older

Page 94

than himself. if she be an old woman & to a yak younger than himself if she be young woman

Nov 18 70. B.

Tenm 69.2
an 80 195 ENE
bar
75 att 88 86.5

Nov 19 70. B.

Ten m 75.2
an 115 200 ENE
bar
77 att 93 86
Very strong thunderstorm away to S & SW tornado evening

Nov 20 70. B.

Tenm 77
an 100
bar
78 att 90

Anulu
[margin note] Goanna man & woman
An old man & woman ‘goanna’ called Ombianju arose at Ulalumbu on the other side of the Macarthur River went to Marungui and made a lagoon there & then went on along a creek which they made called Niaknarra Here they saw two mosquito blacks (mulla & arratikiti) now represented by two stones one on either side of creek. Here also they met two wild dogs represented by two gum trees and ran away back to Niakarra & went down into a wh. there. Then they came up again and the old goanna man went up into the sky but the old woman did not want to do so & so she sat down altogether in the water hole.
[margin note] Gnabia unfriendly spirit in sky
The two gnabia (or unfriendly spirits) arose first at Wuntini along the Robinson River walked about
[margin note] made mungai
making mungai at Nanarinna & Allumbarra. Then went up into sky. In addition to these two there is
[margin note] friendly gnabia in woods
one friendly gnabia who dwells in the woods. The sky gnabia wish to kill natives but the

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[margin note] Anulu
[margin note] Gnabia spirit
earth gnabia defends them. He jumped up at Liwurn ung ai ila. Nothing is given to the earth gnabia. but he tells the medicine men to tell the natives not to try & hurt him if they see him in the woods as he is friendly to them. When a native is ill they sing to this friendly gnabia to come & make him well. This one country fellow of mine you make him well.
When a man dies brother in law & wives paint themselves with pipeclay & mud.
[margin note] releasing widow from ban of silence
When a man dies two men father of the deceased send out ochre to different men. Also ^lubras gather sugarbag & lillies. If Tjulantjuka dies this food is given to Tjurulum, Tjirnum, Tjamnem, Pungaringi & Yakomari. All are red ochred. Fires made & they warm themselves. Then pungaringi tells the lubras they may speak. Fire is made of ironwood & then lubras come up to it and hold twigs over the
[margin note] lubras brush themselves with lighted twigs
fire and brush themselves over with them while they are burning but do not burn themselves much. [margin note] food offering
The lubras bring the food up to this fire leave it there & the old Paliaringi divides it into 5 parts one of each wh. is taken by above men.
[margin note] Yuntanana falling star doctors give bones not take them out
Amongst the Anula the Yuntanana (falling star ) doctors can only give bones not remove them. If bone has to be removes get a doctor from another tribe such as Binbinga. (doctor = Munkani in Anulu. Munkaninji in Binbinga) When Yuntanana make them bad other men can sing them well – special song. Also special song to keep harm away. Yuntanana can send evil magic out to kill b.f. while he is asleep. Falling star is a yantanana going out to kill someone
[margin note] restriction as to food eating during pregnancy
Restriction as to non eating of foods during pregnancy same as in Binbinga
In Marra in Mungai times a mob of bandicoot men were quabing and had frequent intercourse with a
[margin note] menstrual flow in women
bandicoot lubra. .... the too frequent intercourse brought on a flow of blood & woman said me no more want to go lubra me go bandicoot so she stuck grass

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all over herself & went away & hid in a hole so that the men could not find her. Ever since lubra has had ‘periods’. During this time no intercourse.

Nov 21. 70 B

74.5
3.20 5pm 6.30 9h
an 100 185 105 185 150
bar
att 92 100 83 81.5 82
rain

Anula. Rain mungai at Upintjara where there is a big hole with a creek [annotated sketch] .1 -wh .2
[margin note] Rain making
1 & 2 mungai spots of Munbakuaka (dollar bird) which when making rain the man of the totem first time ‘sings’. In the alcheringa Munbakuaku first made rain here. He had as a mate a snake called gnurluwa who sprang up at Rumbuwanga. Both bird and snake were Awukaria. When the snake
[margin note] rainbow
wanted rain he spat into the sky and so made the rainbow. Then clouds came up & rain. After singing the mumbakuaku mungai spits the man gets a snake & first of all puts it alive in the water hole. Then he kills it and lays it down close by on the bank & makes [sketch] a bundle of grass arch shaped which he stands up over it. This is called abu bukuti . rainbow = putjimalla. Sings this & rain comes.
[margin note] Stopping rain
To stop rain. A green stick is waved in the fire & then struck against the wind. Any b.f. can do this. No lubra can go near the Upintjara w.h. & only urtalia whose beards are white can drink there.
[margin note] Dugongs
Dugongs called waliki ^one jumped up first at the Linmen River at a place called Rulambiri. One dugong was away by itself up the river & the bf wanted to kill it. There were two of them in a canoe with spears. The dugong heard the other and ran away towards them. Big stones represent the bfs & a big gum tree the dugong & white stones close to the sea represent the mob of dugongs, at a place called unabarri by singing the rocks & throwing sticks at them dugongs can be increased. (dugong men)

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Macarthur R. made by snake.
Boroloola . ‘ ‘ kangaroo.

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[margin note] Anula
where is now the white rocks out of which come all the dugongs.
[margin note] Moon sum
Moon = nakala sun = Rakaumba
Alligator (C porosus) = murrumburra.
[margin note] Alligator
An alligator jumped up at Yalko made a big wh. at Watja Came on & made another at murnurluma still along Batten Creek to Marnalualuma. white pipe clay here which was made out of his excreta. Went on making Batten Creek. Left mungai all along. Went down into river at Wankilla where there is a big rock hole with a rock out of which plenty of alligators come now.
[margin note] .... for alligators
When want to increase alligator now this rock can be sung by the b.fs. take mangrove (purunkita) sticks break them into bits and throw them into water & then alligators jump up in plenty. Only alligator men can do this.
At a place called Umantarralamba two ^boys! men arose who killed birds with boomerangs & cooked
[margin note] 2 boys & snake Boli boli
them. one boy was urtalia the other roumburia. Went on and killed a snake, then a euro. Made billabongs as they travelled. On to Mullamullana a hole with lillies. then to Arrawantja where they killed flying ‘foxes’. Snake (Boli boli) then came up see previous tradition. water came out a Numbi umbi where snake pulled them under ground & took them in his stomach (urtalia big snake roumburia bobi bobi.) Along the course of their travels the urtalia left mungai in some spots the roumburia in others. Hence some islands urtalia others Roumburia in Pellew group. Bobi bobi made the country as he went along with the two boys in his belly – saying this one place belongs to you urtalia this to you roumburia & so on. Bobi bobi was taken ill at Aningira & threw out urtalia and told him that that country belonged to him & took the roumburia on to Uikunpo where roumburia still stands out in the form of a rock & can be seen when the tide is low.

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[margin note] Anula initiation

Nov 22. 70 B

73.5
an 180 230 240
bar
at 60 99.5 85

[margin note] water making Binbinga
Morning ‘water making’ ceremony at spring (Binbinga)
Anula circumcision - taru
Subincision -talkin
[margin note] initiation
Tjulantjuku boy caught by Tjurulum man who tells him not to cry out for now he must walk about a young man. The father of this boy brings a hair girdle (urithari) and ties it round waist then tells boy to go to his mother who says no more you cry no more you run away you go & look out big mob b.fs. they want to make you young man. Then the Tjulantjuku boy is taken out by the Tjurulum to visit another mob. He invites them all to come up later on as they want to make a young man. All right. The Tjurulum is puruka to the boy. Boys mother & father collect food while he walks about for 2 moons. collecting the natives. Must speak to no one save puruka. If he gets very tired he is carried by Tjurulum, Pungaringi or Yak. Collects the mobs & brings them in will send as far as Anthony’s lagoon from Borroloola. Stops some distance out. make fires to let them know coming. Boy makes the fires. Camp one day out Tjurulum comes up to father. Me been leave boy at camp tomorrow bring him up. Are all his .... all are here. That night the lubra make a dance hitting thigh together. Bfs. sing. Tjurulum goes back with food sent to boy by father. Then start ....Tj comes on ahead (4 miles) mob paint themselves. lubras as well as men. red white black. Tjurulum goes back. All ready now. all come up to quab ground lubras as well as men. Tharnunki = ground. Puruka says all ready. Strange mob sing Ka-Ka Ya-aa! Local mob sing as the strangers approach If .... bfs sing srr srr Stranger holds Anula boy by hand bringing him up in the lead. Comes close up Stranger with boy runs round local mob. His mother & father want to see him. Pungaringi carries him on his shoulders

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[margin note] Anula initiation
when bringing him up. Pungaringi, Tjinum Tjurulum give him spear etc. Mob come up with spears
belts boomerangs etc on paper bark dishes & lay them before father. Boy stops with father w local mob & strangers return before this Puruka marks the Pungaringi, Tjinum Tjurulum & Tjungallum & Yak with a straight mark across the back. Father sends boy to mother boy decorated with string etc. put on by Puruka Pungaringi, Tjinum. Woman holds him crying because been so long away. Tucker taken to stranger by puruka. brought up by mother & placed close to father on ground. Boy now goes back with puruka. After puruka has painted boy adds marks below [sketch]. Puruka & boy carry pitchi with tucker to strangers. Boy places each pitchi opp. to his brother in law. When this over (b in l. first fed the rest) boy returns to fathers camp. Lubras quab at night. Boy goes back with his mother when the lubras retire. Men now quab. sleep. early morning strangers come up & quab. Quabs all day. Boy all day in camp with puruka lubra. Boy told not to walk about all day but to sleep. Men of distant group paint themselves. At sundown local men stand in one line at Thamangi – Sing. Lubras stand up behind men. Local mob come up. Lubra puruka brings up boy covered with paper bark. telling him to look on ground. Puruka man takes him from his sisters. Paruka man has
[annotated sketch] fire boy fire
made two fires & between there the boy has to sleep. Puruka hits two null nullas together naming the country from which each strange mob has come. Local puruka leads decorated men up waving paper bark fire stick. Stand on quab ground boy does not see them. Strangers go back to their camp. Lubras to theirs. After dark bfs. called up by whistling strangers & local come on to ground. All tie branches on legs. Old women puruka puts hand before mouth & shouts uliating. Then all hit boomerangs together. Painted men with fire sticks come marching round boy. Go to one side. Continue singing Go on dancing. Come up & go back advancing & retiring. Boy not see them yet. Puruka brings up the pungaringi who brought boy into camp shows him boy. Puruka covers his eyes. Pungaringi wakes

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[margin note] Anula
him up ^Puruka covers his own eyes Pungaringi goes behind boy so that latter does not see his face. Painted men stand up in front of boy who is told by puruka to look. Tell him not to show anything to lubra if you do you & your mother will die. That one bushes (on boy) Kurta kurta no let em lubra see em. Then run away. Pungaringi, Tjirnum, Thungallum Tjurulum Yak make quab in turn. Sing mungai songs belong to boy. Keep quabing all night. At daylight boomerangs knocked together. Puruka warm hands at fire then put them on boys thigh, privates head etc. Take stone knife to a stranger pungaringi asks him to cut. Boys b in l. one or two lie down. boy put on top by puruka. Puruka sits on chest & others hold legs. Puruka puts possum string in mouth & says you no more sing out or strangers will think you are frightened. Puruka hold skin while pungaringi cuts it off Leave knife on ground. goes away. Boy stands up . allows blood to fall on b in l’s back. This make his kurta kurta. boy sits down on paper bark. B in l gets up. gets boomerang spear string etc brings them up & gives them to boy who gives them to his akaka ^mothers brother (gnagna) Blood tied up in bark goes to his akaka along with spear etc. Boys father tells him to leave the blood in the p.b.by side of
[margin note] circumcision blood put by w.h.
water hole where lillies grow. Akaka keeps skin first time then gives it to his own son who is puruka to boy. ties it up in bark says by & by you send it along a winiata who belongs to another country & who brings up later spear etc. gives it (skin) after some time to the akaka who cuts it up and puts it in ground
Subincision. usualy done when ceremony in connection with putting dead mans bones in log is performed. Yak subincises Tjulantjuka

Nov 23. 70 B

72
an 110 240 200
bar
77 att 86.5 100 83.5

[margin note] Anula subincision
Subincision. Churinga are shown to boy after subincision. one is given to him to carry about. mura mura. Whirlwind first time made churinga made plain by twiling. Twiled it when he made anything – plain ridges etc. When shown to the boy is told

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[margin note] Anula initiation
that it belongs to whirlwind (when shown the dead mans quab) told it is kurta kurta & must not be shown to uninates & is given one to carry. The boy twirls this & lubras think that gnabya is
[margin note] (same in marra)
swallowing him. Boy goes out in hot weather waits till rain then till cool weather comes. Goes to another country. Old bf in camp make a big hole. Tjurulum Tjamerum Yak & Thungallum come up. .... is left by side of hole. Head man Paliaringi ^& Tjulantjuku comes up with .... to hole & go inside there until quab is sung. Fire made at bottom of hole. Young men not come up at first told that ‘mungai’ made hole. Afterwards make another hole at some distance. Women think that Gnabya has eaten boy. Hole big enough to hide boy in. Men quab inside hole. Bring boy up show it to him. Father tells him you been all about sit down kurta kurta along of bush. Men come in from long distance & quab. The boy is hit on the back with the murra murra. At night time more quabs (kunapipi). Hole supposed to represent spots at which the ‘mungai’ came out. both belong to whirlwind ‘mungai’ When finish fill up hole. Stick wh. boy has carried is finally left in the hole. Big pole is made of two sticks lashed [small sketch] together .... high with bunch feathers at top & bone in it. stuck in ground. Two or more of them. Boys told that that represents totem made originally by whirlwind. when he cut himself. white feathers at top = purulka. After seeing the quab young man is called wanjilliri.
[margin note] names Marra
No sacred name in Marra or Binbinga or Anula. Name given to child by father is normally that of grand parent
‘Georges’ name = Unbarrari (w.h.) close to wh. he was conceived
[margin note] pointing him
Binbinga [small sketch] bone = piritchi. wood = arunqua
Attached to spear and pointed at night time at b.f. man ‘speared’ in this way is supposed not to be able to see or feel it but wastes away
[margin note] Binbinga not make rain
Binbinga do not make rains This is done by anula

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[margin note] Binbinga head ache cure
To cure headache warm green twigs on fire & press them on head
Spirit come & hovers over bones & can be seen by father & mother standing by fire. [annotated sketch] – fire in koaka
[margin note] spirit watching over bones
when a man is speared by avenging party he follows up latter day & night Says to the spear what have you been killing me for picking up the spear & looking at his blood
[margin note] murdered man’s spirit following avenging party
Bann Creek. (see plan)
1. Linchilyinga place where interutur sprung up & were operated on by Ularaba..ibu boys.
2. Kurticha-ilchnigara-anunka. place wh kirtichingachinga sat down at head of creek represented by stones. fish sat down
3. Wailpa Apulla ground where Alla raba raba made young men performed pirritnilinga (lenten) & unkarnia (aultha)
4. Ularabakalu alkina circumcised himself
5. “ achin “ “
6. Uruta where Ularabaraba tied up heads with string
7. Atnmara nunka where younger snake sat down in alcheringa
8. Erlukurria where women of quail totem (katwulkarra) sat down.
9&10 Puliria where women threw husks of yelka
11. Apirk nanitera-anunka where arakurta (kunare) from western country stood up in alcheringa & then returned to his country
12. Umbalta. place where two achilpa travelled in alcher dived in range with their churinga & made two hills
13. Ilkiri imbulkira where alcher women threw yelka skins
14. Wh old man ilpira-atninta stood up looking for lubras
15. Thankinna where little hawk sat down in alcher. This bank arose at rock hole Thankinarungu in gorge at back of station
16&17 Part of range (overlooking station) wh hawk sat in sun.

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Binbinga relationships
Father - kuni sister husbands father - napitchi
“ elder brother - k. purninjilla mother brother son - {puruka
daughter {
“ younger “ - k. mopai daughters husband chungaraii
“ sister - itinia “ “ mother - kurkunga
“ mother - napachinna father - tharningilla
“ father - kanku sons wife - kuchnia
Mother - kuchinia “ “ mother - kukunia
“ sister - kuchinia “ “ father - numaii!
“ brother - Chungarri
“ mother - kukunia see notes (C.)
“ father - thaminjilla
wife - karina
husband - kaikai
wifes sister - karina
“ brother - kaikai
“ father - napitchi
“ mother - mirrairra
elder brother - papaa
younger brother - papaii
elder sister - kakarinnia
younger “ - chuluna
fathers sisters children - puruka
wifes fathers father- kakaii
Mothers brother - Imaii
Mothers father - Thaminjilla
children - katchakatcha
sons children - kanku
daughters children - Tharningilla
sons grandchildren - Narrichanandatchi
daughters “ “ - kukuku
Sisters husband - Nari kari
“ children - m. Challallai
f. Challallina
“ husbands mother- mimaiinna

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Urabunna tribe. Note taken at camp at Tjantjwanperta near Mt. Kingston August 1903

Aug. 6.03
Ularaka = alcheringa
Koppertop (hill) native name Kadni untjalkira. In alcheringa Kadni 'stood up' here.
Kupa = little child
Mutaurputa = very old man
Mutaurputa-punta = oknirabata
Arai = yes padni = no

Numbers.
1= gnuiu, 2 = parkulu, 3 = kulpari, 4 = parkulu-parkulu.
Nukwa = a mob

Piranguru etc
"Charley's" lubra rain she has Piranguru who is snake.
"Donkey" is Emu his lubra is snake.
Wobma (snake) man marrie parti (grub)

A Matthurrie man. Mother Mat. Children Kuaru

Man for man and woman
Uru = man. Uluila = woman. Munkurra = little girl
twitilla = boy

Aug 7.
Emu = warrukathi
Korara = rain
Rain song
Song of Rain intich. ceremony.
Rutua walta walta
" " wai
" " walta
" " wai
Maintja gnatja leia
Uramaintja algnatja anitja
Ulpunna
Only rain men or other especillay associated with rain totem can perform ceremony. If anyone else tried to could die.

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*If the obma man dies then fish man cannot piranguru lapses. The woman goes as nupa to a fish man again.

5. An Arunta Purula man who had come to live in Urabunna. lura Panunga her totem kukula her mother kukula her father parti. lubra has piranguru - rain man.

6. An old (Wonk)gongeru man - named Katipuka. Kiraru (Pan) lubra Mat. fire Mat Bult. totem Obma (Kurnmara). lubra nudler wathi (pig faced rat) fire nudluwathu. had another lubra snake (wadnunguni). ...of the women wadnunguni his paltinta spirit is Kurlatjatjurari near Birdsville. Had many a piranguru who was Kadni. his wife was piranguru to another obma man (a Kurnmara snake).

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term for clan = balku then Kuraru balku or Mat. balku.
(= Buntu of warramunga, Tjilka of S. Arunta).
"iwunna unta tjilka - what is your class (in Arunta)
1. Old man Merkilli Mat (Bulth), totem Parti (grub). lubra Ku. Kukula rat. Children and girl Kir kukula. Father Kuraru. rain.Piranguru another rat (talku).
When a boy Merkillis name was kulpalli-parku-wantata. Name Merkilli given to him when initiated.
2. Old man Utapinji. Kiraru (Kum) 2nd name (when cut) Piltilti. Totem kalku (acacia seed). lubra Matthrie. parti. No children but if had would be parti. Father Mat. Eaglehawk. Karara. Mother Kalku.
3. Old man Matjilli. (2nd name paki-inki) Matthurie (Bulth). Totem obma. lubra Kuraru (Kum). Warrukati (em). No children but if had would be Emu. Father Kur. Mother Mat. both Obmas (father came from Arunta).
4. Old man Ilimmeri (2nd name Wantjili) Kuraru. Emu. lubra Mat. Tantanni (shag). Father rain. Mother Emu. Children Mat. shag. This man now has charge of rain ceremony only to the fact that there are no rain men in the district and his father was rain.

Bara kopuqua = spot where the great ancestors 'sat down' in alcheringa.
Paltinda = oknanikilla
Watthili = nanja
Blackfellow = nurdla

The toem of the reincarnated mai aurli is the same as that of the woman into whom the spirit enters. Thus mai aurli of pigeon ancestors if enter Emu woman are [?] Emu. When an individual dies the spirit goes back to alcheringa Paltinda spot as mai aurli. Will not enter into old mother or

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her sister if did would kill them.
Spirit change class and totem when reincranated.
Suppose Ilimeri dies (he is Kiraru = Panunga) will not go into a Kiraru (Kumara) woman but into (Purula Matthurie. Spirit always change class and totem when reincarnated.

MAi awili = murra-murra

Kadni tradition
An old Kadni (unkurta jew lizard) jumped up out of the ground (that place his paltinda) a long way off and cam into Urabunna country. He had a lubra who was at first a katata (gehyra lizard). By and by she grew into a Kadni. the old man Kadni used to make boomerangs. Stood up at Koppertop and threw boomerang to the E the hill came to mark the spot. Walked on and threw more boomernags. Another lot of Kadni's heard that the old man had got a kadni lubra and came up. The old K. left his lubra at Koppertop taking his boomernags walked away. The mob came up and wanted to kill him because he had a kadni lubra. Fought at Kadni kumarina. K. killed them all and plenty of ulpa (red ochre) jumped up. The old man died then also where are a lot of stone inhabited by maiaurli when he left there. He eat parti all day. Now old woman understand why K. died not come back.She started off towards the N.E. carrying plenty of mai aurli [??] her and [??] them in various places.
Kadni untjalkera = Koppertop
Intich. By means of knocking off bits of stone on Koppertop and throwing them about in various directions (this may be done by an old man) plenty of K. 'jump up.'
Gnura = camp. gnura ularaka = muria alcheringa

In the alcheringa a green and brown snake called Kurnmara sat down a w.h. called yaniadi and made string. They sat

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down under the water. They were snakes not men. Walked and sat down at Mura-murara made more string and eat munyero and left maiaurli. Looked and saw snake at the Macumba river. The green sent the vrown snake to look out from the top of a hill called Kulka-rarina = bald hill. Said hallo my place burn. Went on to Munduana a springs. walked on to middle spring sat down outside spring. Then went along and sat down by another spring Kaltikaltinga (30 mile spring). On to Fountain Spring (warutalinga) caught munyeroo seed. [?] sprang up where they threw sticks away. Sat down at Mt Charlotte and on to Akundana springs. On to another Pura-maka-tjaijnina. On to Mt Margaret hill and made two stone wurleys at the base. one snake sitting in [?] went on and tied up hair. Sat down with heads upright, low hills called karilinna sprang up. Walked on following Unmbunga creek which they made. On to Brinkleys springs which they made (Iwatwanna). On to LKoddon's Springs (Katarina). On to a big swamp Kartitjina. Sat down at Obma-dingalina and warmed themslves in the sun being cold. On to Kilara and to the Stragways springs which made. Walked up to wesh pool (spring) and on to Millairs creek and made a little spring Mudla mudla kaninga. On to Range. Waqt a little rat (uralli) the green one (elder) eat big ones the brown on smaller ones. Saw wallaby tracks. The green one rounded them up. the brown one sat down by tracks and caught and eat them. Broiwn one slept and green one came up with a firked stick with which he tried to get wallaby out of brown but found he had [?] it...[??] and camped at Winja-purtana. Green saif I am Kiraru you are Mattheie (when starting both were Kiraru) we two are unkulla = witiwa now (Ku = purula. Mat = panunga) The green one heated stone and pretended to eat them.Then brownb followed by example and got burnt. Then brown snake had a red

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mark on his belly now. Green one found a yellow snake and [?] it. Yellow snake went down into ground then green then brown on 3 different spots and made oknanikilla there. 3 springs arose to mark the spot. Left maiaurli at all their camping places. Kirri katjarina = name of springs where snake 'tumbnled down'. Black fellow not go near here. frightened. hills lots and bullocks etc of return near.

Sacred ceremy = wandattha wadni.
Corroboree = warunda

Inarpertwa in Wonkgongaru
Wonkgingaru have tradition of inapertwa cut up to from human ebings but not in Urabunna. Erkerinja = Erintja

Aug 9.
In the alcheringa there was a lizard called Titauri who gave rise to maiairli some of which changed into lizards others into men and women who went through stages of 'hardness' during this process. The natives do not kill or eat the lizard, if they do it hurts them inside.

Eating totem
Man does not eat his own totem. A Kararu emu man will not eat emu but will kill it and give it to men of other totems. If he should eat it he would be sick and die.

Arilinja = ekernija
sun = mia
moon = parala
stars = katipilla
gumtree = pita

Speaking to wife mother, sisters etc
Cannot talk to wife's mother she is yamboa (=mura) Can talk to elder and younger sisters (not like Arunta [?]) Only speak to f.in.l long way off. munga-unda (ashamed or shy) = imaririma of Arunta

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Eat meat of f in law killed
Eats meat killed by f.in.l if latter gives it to s. in law. does note eat meat belonging to Yamboa if offered it says munkutta = 'let it go' and walks away.
Gives meat to Kawkuka who distribute it.

Makka fire.
In the Alcheringa the natives were very cold (madla) and could not get fire. Two kites came out at a place near to Beltana where then is a big round hill. Another large mob of kites then [??] came out and grew up. They brought with them a little fire at the [?] of their beaks but kept it to themselves.

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